A significant increase was seen in the frequency of TH2 IL-4+ and TH17 IL-17A+ cells in CLL patients with respect to HVs (1.9%, range 1.7–3.1% and 2.8%, range 0.6–4.6% vs 1%, range 0.7–1.2% and 1.6%, range 0.5–3.5%, respectively), whereas the percentage of TH1 IFN-γ+ cells remained unchanged (Fig. 2b). This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.