REN and atherosclerosis: It is during this advanced stage of pathogenesis, where risk factors for increased blood pressure, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (Metabolism of angiotensinogen to angiotensins, Fig. 5d), related signaling pathways (Signaling by vascular endothelial growth factors, Fig. 5e), and Hemostasis pathways (Fig. 5f), likely exert their effects on atherosclerosis [71].