TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of heterogeneous acquired clonal diseases, resulting in the risk of ineffective hematopoiesis and malignant transformation.[4] Some studies revealed a relationship between MDS and RA.[5–7] In MDS patient, levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), are elevated compared to normal controls.