Not only did these offspring perform worse on glucose tolerance tests, and show increased insulin resistance, but levels of leptin and adiponectin were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, which are both changes associated with obesity (Ukkola & Santaniemi, 2002; Enriori et al., 2006; Sáinz et al., 2015). The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.