Not only did these offspring perform worse on glucose tolerance tests, and show increased insulin resistance, but levels of leptin and adiponectin were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, which are both changes associated with obesity (Ukkola & Santaniemi, 2002; Enriori et al., 2006; Sáinz et al., 2015). Here, ADIPOQ is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.