IL1B and Granuloma: MWCNT entering the airways of mice have been shown to elicit several pro-inflammatory events that originate from their activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome (Hamilton et al., 2012) and are associated with the induction of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β (Hamilton et al., 2013), formation of granulomas and development of airway fibrosis (Inoue et al., 2009; Ryman-Rasmussen et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2011).