The alkaloid, betaine, decreased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and histological scores for steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis, as well as serum and hepatic HMGB1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high-fat diet in rats (Zhang W. et al., 2013). Here, GPT is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.