Certainly, an increase in IGF-1 action is associated with greater risk for neoplastic disease, a link further supported by this study and others targeting IGF-1Rs, but IGF-1 has been paradoxically associated with protection against osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, cerebrovascular and cognitive decline in pre-clinical studies, as well as in some human epidemiologic studies12. Here, IGF1 is linked to osteoporosis.