TGFB1 and neoplasm: Further underscoring the linkage to reviewed mechanisms of the hypoxia response, expression of S100A-8 and -9 in stromal cells of premetastatic lungs has been found to be induced by VEGF (in addition to TGF-β and TNFα) that is secreted by the primary tumor [141], while in hepatocellular carcinoma cells their expression is promoted by NF-κB [142].