NFKB1 and peptic esophagitis: In the current in vitro model, we used a mixture of conjugated bile salts previously identified in oesophageal refluxate.29, 30 This specific composition was found to induce early pre‐neoplastic lesions in treated murine hypopharyngeal mucosa with an acceleration of NF‐κB‐activated gene expression profiles.13 Other studies suggest that extra‐oesophageal refluxate may contain unconjugated bile acids due to the de‐conjugating effect of gastric microflora,45 encouraging further investigation using physiologic concentrations of unconjugated bile acids.