However, given the dichotomic role of BATF in governing both the differentiation of IL-17-producing Th17 cells and GM-CSF-producing T cells and the published concept on the IL-23 dependency of GM-CSF expressing Th17 cells as crucial drivers of tissue inflammation, e.g., in the central nervous system (17, 18, 22, 23), we reasoned that additional studies are required to clarify the precise, subset-specific functional contribution of bona fide Th17 cells to the manifestation of acute GvHD-associated colitis upon allo-HSCT. Here, CSF2 is linked to colitis.