PDCD1 and cancer: Notably, inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have been found to be especially advantageous in the treatment of many kind of cancer, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (Wang C. et al., 2016), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer, breast cancer (Hu et al., 2017), melanoma (Luke et al., 2017) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Allen and Gordon, 2016).