Meanwhile, a protein array in visceral adipose tissue determined that walnuts and HFD per se downregulated C5 levels, while other inflammatory markers were up-regulated with high-fat feeding, including IL-1ra, and CCL2 (Diet effect = P < 0.001), whereas IL-23 was increased only in HFD+W mice (P < 0.05), suggesting that walnuts did not interfere with adipose-related inflammation in obesity (Figures 3E–I). Here, CCL2 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.