Moreover, autophagy inhibitors BA1 or 3-MA specifically halted NCTD-induced activation of LC3B and ATG3 and dose-dependently obstructed NCTD-mediated cell proliferation arrest and invasive growth inhibition of A549 and H1299 cells (Fig. 7f−h; Supplementary Figure S3D), in which those inhibitors did not alter the cell growth mainly owing to the existing maximum autophagy repression in NSCLC cells. The gene discussed is ATG3; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.