CSF2 and neoplasm: In addition, transgenes that promote local cytokine release and tumour infiltration of lymphocytes are often included in the oncolytic adenoviral genome such as, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-α, cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L), and interleukin (IL)-12 and -18 [87].