TLR5 and infection: This can be explained by differential and simultaneous stimulation of pattern recognition receptors leading to activation of several downstream pathways, bringing regulatory and pro‐inflammatory responses into balance, as reported before.17, 38 Another factor could be due to varying expression of TLRs as different DC population may have different phenotypic reactions to TLR activation.42 Despite the absence of immune stimulation of DCs by lcITF, we decided to test effects of lcITF in the context of an STM infection of IECs as lcITF stimulates, as shown in our study, TLR5.