VEGFA and breast carcinoma: Preclinical studies showed that the process of metastastic spread to the brain in lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer cells requires production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) that induces early neoangiogenesis whereas metastatic melanoma cells were shown to proliferate along pre-existing and remodeled vessels (vessel cooption) independently from VEGF-A (19–21).