The AF markers (ANKRD29, ADGRL4, EMCN, LDB2, OLFML2A) and NP markers (ARAP2, CDKN2B, DEFB1, DSC3, ERFE) clearly differentiated between AF and NP in microarray analysis, meaning that these genes showed the highest and most stable regulation in AF and NP. Here, DEFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.