CA12 and epilepsy: Originally used as a treatment for epilepsy, it has many mechanisms of action within the CNS including being an effective CA inhibitor, with a similar inhibitory activity of CAII and CAXII isoforms to acetazolamide (inhibition constants CAII – 10 nM topiramate vs. 12 nM acetazolamide; CAXII – 3.8 nM topiramate vs. 5.7 nM acetazolamide) (22).