Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and TGF-β) cytokines in human AP lesions (granulomas and cysts), and evaluate any relationship between their expression levels and clinical and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. Here, IFNG is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.