ACE2 and chronic kidney disease: In non-dialysis patients with CKD, circulating ACE2 activity was associated with silent atherosclerosis in carotid and peripheral vessels.[14] In patients with type 1 diabetes and a history of CAD, circulating ACE2 activity was increased.[15] The same pattern was observed in kidney transplant recipients with a history of CAD,[23] further supporting the association between raised circulating ACE2 activity and coronary atherosclerosis.