GDNF and epilepsy: ECB devices secreting neuropeptides (galanin) or neurotrophic factors (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) have been tested in chronic animal models of epilepsy, leading to reduction in the frequency of seizures, improvements in cognitive performance, and reversal of histological alterations associated with chronic epilepsy (Kanter-Schlifke et al., 2009; Nikitidou et al., 2014; Falcicchia et al., 2018).