TGFB1 and osteoporosis: However, depending on the context, inhibitory effects of TGF-β on bone formation have also been reported, e.g., transgenic mice with an osteoblast-specific overexpression of TGF-β2 exhibited an osteoporosis-like phenotype,25 whereas, the pharmacological blocking of TGF-β signaling yielded increased bone formation in mature mice.26 In our study, we found that BCMs extracted within longer time periods (1, 3, and 6 days), corresponding to the early days after the augmentation procedure, act by promoting the later stages of osteoblast differentiation including matrix mineralization.