TGFB1 and neoplasm: Loss-of-TGF-β signaling is involved in hyperproliferative disorders, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and tumor formation; whereas, gain of TGF-β signaling promotes immunosuppression and tumor metastasis.3 In addition, most tumors may arise after mutations or deletions in genes encoding components of the TGF-β signaling pathway.3,250