TNF and neoplasm: Among tumor-secreted pro-osteolytic molecules, there are PTHrP, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), IL-8, IL-11, M-CSF, TGF-β, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and prostaglandins [40].