HMOX1 and Parkinson disease: Nrf2 activation in astrocyte mediates neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity PD model in mice [7], and electrophilic compounds show protective effects both in vitro and in vivo against neuronal degeneration by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway [8].