PARP1 and chronic kidney disease: Nevertheless, in line with the increased mitochondrial damage reflected by CytC leakage to the cytosol, the data presented in Fig 6B point to increased cellular apoptosis in the CKD setting as reflected by the reduced levels of full-length PARP-1, a hallmarked for cellular apoptosis (from 0.7±0.06 of sham to 0.5±0.03 of CKD, p = 0.034).