APPL1 and Alzheimer disease: Driver lines most useful for studies of molecular mechanisms of AD include the endogenous APPL promoter (appl-GAL4), the eye driver (gmr-GAL4), the neuronal driver (elav-GAL4), and ones that express specifically in cholinergic neurons (cha-gal4), glial cells (repo-GAL4), or ubiquitously (da-GAL4 or actin5C-GAL4) (Figure 3(a)) [12].