Among the above upregulated pro-inflammatory genes in Si-NEC pig hippocampi, many have been shown to be associated with hypoxia [51–54], including EDN1, PDK4, IER3, TXNIP (Fig. 3d) and AGER, CLEC14a, TAGLN2, TTR, p75, and THBS1 (Fig. 4). Here, PDK4 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.