SPRED1 and neurodevelopmental disorder: Of the 13pCNVs and 11 pVOUSs, ten genes (NRXN1, IMMP2L, MSRA, SLC1A1, SOX5, UBE3A, CHRNA7, SPRED1, PRKCA, and SHANK3) have each been associated with more than one psychiatric phenotype (Table 5) and neurodevelopmental disorders based on the hypothesis that perturbation of the same molecular pathway can result in different psychiatric diagnoses (Plummer et al. 2016); for instance, SHANK3 and SLC1A1 participate in the glutamatergic pathway and UBE3A and FBXO45 in the ubiquitin pathway (Javitt 2007, Tebartz van Elst et al. 2014; Glessner et al. 2009; Plummer et al. 2016).