Statistical analysis of area 2, which comprised switched memory B cells with a CD21+CD24+CD27+CD38intCD95+IgD− phenotype (Fig. 1a), revealed that CXCR3 expression was reduced in individuals with long-standing diabetes relative to healthy donors in Study A (p < 0.05) and Study B (p < 0.005; Fig. 1c). Here, CD24 is linked to diabetes mellitus.