In addition, adult smokers with varicocele – in which there is a potentiation of the negative effects of smoking due to accumulation of toxins in the testes [64], Fariello et al. verified four exclusive proteins in moderate smokers related to apoptosis regulation, and that zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZA2G) protein was exclusive in heavy smokers with varicocele [60]. This evidence concerns the gene AZGP1 and varicocele.