MMP9 and coinfection: We also measured the kinetics of SINV dependent-mmp9 (encoding for Matrix metalloproteinase 9) induction upon SINV + Shigella or Shigella + SINV co-infections, showing that mmp9 was strongly induced only when SINV was injected before Shigella, again suggesting an interference between the antiviral and the antibacterial induced genes only when virus is injected first (Figures S5A,B in Supplementary Material).