PTEN and Focal cortical dysplasia: Genetic evaluation of sporadic focal cortical dysplasias (not associated with another lesion) has revealed frequent post-zygotic somatic mutations in components of the PI3-kinase-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, most often involving the TSC1, TSC2, AKT3, MTOR, PIK3CA, or PTEN genes [10, 18, 23–26].