Specifically, at lower exposures, TOF inhibited inflammation-related biomarker expression in multiple systems, modeling innate and adaptive immune responses including reduced eotaxin-3 and P-selectin (4H), CD69 (SAg), VCAM-1, MIG, IP-10 (CASMC and HDFSAg), sIL-6, TNF-α, sIgG in BT and sIL-10 and sIL-17 in the HDFSAg system modeling an inflamed RA joint. Here, SELP is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.