The levels of IFN-β levels were significantly higher (P < .05) to that obtained in 2-D cell cultures but much higher than the levels obtained in tumors.11 Interestingly, in melanoma tumors in vivo, DNA sensor mRNAs were not upregulated, whereas IFN-β levels were significantly increased on mRNA and protein level.11 This indicates that the presence of other cells in tumors, particularly immune cells, may complicate the detection of DNA sensor upregulation while contributing to the production of cytokines. This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and melanoma.