Other molecules with reported oncogenic associations were also found in the highly-expressed, upregulated cluster and included H19,27SPARC28 and SERPINE1. 29Furthermore, GO over-representation analyses on all highly-expressed, upregulated genes revealed that the five most enriched and significant GO terms were tied to extracellular matrix genes associated with fibrosis and cirrhosis (p values <0.0001), a hallmark of liver disease in A1ATD (Fig. 5G). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and liver disorder.