Short-term follow-up of children born after randomized nutritional interventions in pregnancy describe beneficial effects on growth, vascular function, lipid levels, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, although longer-term studies examining nutrition and growth in premature infants display a more complex set of relationships.48,49 Considered in the context of populations, our data suggest that attention to prenatal nutrition and intrauterine growth may have long-term consequences regarding the risk of CAD, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in adult life. This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.