NF-κB inhibition in hepatocytes by IKK2 deletion resulted in increased HCC burden in the DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis model.63–65 Similarly, inhibition of NF-κB activation by nemo deficiency (the regulatory IKK subunit) in hepatocytes led to spontaneous tumor formation in mice.66,67 This discrepancy may reflect the cellular specificity of NF-κB, the timing of NF-κB activation as well as characteristics of liver damage. Here, NFKB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.