VASP and cancer: We have previously shown that VASP is upregulated in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (myofibroblasts) of murine and patient colorectal liver metastases.44 Additionally, VASP promotes activation of HSCs into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts and potentiates the tumor-promoting effect of activated-HSC/myofibroblasts.44 Thus, VASP is a pro-oncogenic factor in both cancer cells and myofibroblasts of the hepatic tumor microenvironment and an ideal therapeutic target for anti-metastasis therapy.