BECN1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: We also tested whether VC-induced HCC cell death was dependent on autophagy.32–34 The cellular autophagy markers Beclin-1 and LC3B-II proteins were upregulated in VC-treated cells and addition of NAC suppressed expressions of these proteins (Supplementary Fig. 3a), implying that VC is involved in autophagy induction.