IL13 and asthma: In a mouse model of asthma induced by house dust mites, an allergen most frequently associated with asthma in humans, MWCNTs were shown to aggravate the airway inflammation and remodeling, along with some asthmatic phenotypes including eosinophilia and elevated mucus production; these pathologic changes were accompanied by elevated levels of type 2 alarmins, such as IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, and type 2 cytokines, such as IL-13, CCL12, and TGF-β1 (82).