As shown in Figure 3A, genome-wide analysis identified 12/42 RFs (including TRIM5α, TRIM22, and BST2) were significantly up-regulated by IFN-β (n = 5, enrichment p < 0.0001), vs. 0/42 by IFN-α treatment (n = 6, p > 0.05) during short-term (48 h) ex vivo culture of PBMC from HAM/TSP patients. This evidence concerns the gene BST2 and tropical spastic paraparesis.