Several cardiac studies in diabetes also reported that hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency and insulin resistance were associated with loss of the conditioning-mediated cardioprotection and that this effect was driven by impaired signaling to Akt and GSK3β of the RISK pathway (Tsang et al., 2005; Gross et al., 2007; Song et al., 2007). Here, AKT1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.