TNF and cancer: Similar to some studies in urothelial [28], thymic [29], ovarian [30], lung [31], and head and neck [32] cancers treated with NCT, we found higher densities and percentages of malignant cells expressing PD-L1 in NCT-treated tumors, independent of the NCT regimen, than in non-NCT tumors, suggesting that PD-L1 expression can be increased by NCT, potentially through activation of immune-related pathways such as IFNα, IFNγ, STAT3, and TNFα [33].