HES3 and neoplasm: Previous studies indicate that MTSS1 is a target of the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion (Ebauer et al., 2007); therefore, the modification of MTSS1 expression, and additional genes integral in cell invasion could occur in part through PAX3-FOXO1 induction of HES3. Most significantly, stratifying patient tumor data between HES3 high and low expressing RMS elucidated translational molecular targets with immediate potential applications in the clinic such as co-expression of FGFR4, ALK, and PARP1.