(42) In fact, topical therapy combining MPA and RAPA provides complementary inhibition of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4) and Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ) in atopic dermatitis.(57) Optimization of topical MPA formulations could thus lead to effective combination topical immunosuppression protocols (+RAPA ± TAC) for site-specific therapies (±low dose systemic immunosuppression) in VCA to prevent AR or chronic rejection. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is atopic eczema.