TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In addition to VEGF, cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF, IL-10 (interleukin 10), IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), IL-6, IL-4, INF-γ, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands (CXC) CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CXCL11, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), were shown to be increased during ALI/ARDS in other studies (Favre et al., 1999; Piguet et al., 2001; Lovegrove et al., 2008; Van den Steen et al., 2010; Deroost et al., 2013; Souza et al., 2013; Sercundes et al., 2016).