The loss of peripheral blood MAIT cells and a decrease in MAIT IFNγ secretion has now been reported in chronic HIV-1 infection (58), type 1 diabetes (53), and ESRD, all of which are associated with microbial translocation and/or loss of gut barrier integrity, as well as increased susceptibility to LTBI and TB reactivation. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.