Finally, we observed that some genes such as FAP were upregulated at day 22 upon anti-PD-L1 treatment but not with combination therapy, suggesting that galunisertib may be acting by remodeling tumor stroma (Fig. 6a), as previously described in the literature with other inhibitors of the TGFβ pathway [13, 36]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.