To further gain insights into the downstream signaling pathways modulated by GEP in CRC tumorigenesis, we examined the functional effect of GEP in several important cancer pathways including p53, TGFβ, Myc, Hypoxia, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB and Wnt by luciferase reporter activity assay. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.